References McCaffrey, Barry R. Goldman, Erik. So why do athletes take marijuana? Drug Laws Changes in Drug Drugs in sports essay Length: 2 Pages Document Type: Term Paper Paper : Adolescent Substance Abuse Knowledge Base. shtml Drug Enforcement Administration DEA.
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Performance-Enhancing Drugs in Sports For most professional athleteswinning is everything. In fact, most professional athletes find the drive to win insatiable. Further, apart from the satisfaction that comes with personal accomplishment, most of those in professional sports are usually under significant pressure to win medals for their countries. It is under such circumstances that professional athletes contend with a fierce desire to use performance -enhancing drugs. However, the use of such drugs carries with itself significant risks. In this text, I explore why performance enhancing drugs are bad in professional sports.
Use of Performance-enhancing Drugs in Professional Sports: A Brief History Human beings have been known to engage in competitive sports from time immemorial, drugs in sports essay. The competitive nature of professional sports and the presence of significant rewards for winners have always pushed participants to the edge in an attempt to gain a competitive edge over other competitors. Indeed, by his very nature, a human being is constantly seeking a competitive advantage over adversaries real or perceived. It is important to note that there exists some evidence suggesting that drugs believed to enhance the performance of individuals in one way or the other have been in existence since ancient times.
Indeed, steroids are believed to have been used widely in Ancient Greece Robinson, This was most particularly during the early Olympic Games. However, performance-enhancers being used then were not known as steroids at the time. Some accounts show that to enhance their performance, athletes ingested a number of substances believed to have a positive impact on performance. These substances included but were not limited to sheep testicles crushed and selected herbs. Sheep testicles are known to contain significant levels of testosterone, a hormone closely associated with enhanced performance.
However, when it comes to their modern day usage, performance-enhancing drugs were being widely used by body builders in the early s. Indeed, it is believed that the sterling performance of Soviet body builders at the Helsinki Olympics in was partly based on their usage of performance-enhancing drugs including but not limited to testosterone. Soon after, a special drug referred to as Dianabol was developed by John Ziegler. This drug soon become drugs in sports essay with those who were seeking a competitive edge in professional sports, especially bodybuilding, drugs in sports essay. Among the most notable athletes who have admitted to having used performance-enhancing drugs in the past include Arnold Schwarzenegger Rosen, In his own words, Schwarzenegger is on record as having said "steroids were helpful to me in maintaining muscle size while on a strict diet in preparation for a contest" Rosen, However, it is important to note that Drugs in sports essay use of the drugs was a time when the same were still legal.
It was not until that the World Health Organization received an official complaint in regard to the use of steroids. Consequently, anabolic steroids were banned by the International Olympic Council and this lead to similar bans by quite a number of professional sport leagues. Performance-enhancing Drugs: The Risks One of the questions that have been asked in relation to the widespread usage of performance-enhancing drugs is: does the pressure from the society push athletes to try performance-enhancing drugs or is the desire to win so overwhelming that athletes overlook the risks associated with performance-enhancing drugs?
There are also those who believe that double standards are applied when it comes to the use of performance-enhancing drugs. For instance, why should performance-enhancers be allowed in matters sexual to heighten sexual experience while at the same time they are denied to athletes keen on enhancing their performance? It is however important to note that in most cases, these concerns are largely misguided and fueled drugs in sports essay sheer lack of knowledge on the nature and usage of performance-enhancing drugs. It can be noted that over time, drugs in sports essay a number of medical practitioners have observed that the fame and recognition that comes with winning in professional sports through any means necessary including the use of performance-enhancing drugs isn't worth the risk.
Though the potential benefits are apparent in terms of monetary gain and recognition, the use of performance-enhancing drugs including but not limited to stimulants and creatine, diuretics, erythropoietin, anabolic steroids etc. poses significant health risks which I will use below to demonstrate why performance enhancing drugs are bad in professional sports. However, apart from the heath risks posed by these drugs, it is also important to note that other adverse effects including damage to reputation abound. Further, the use of performance-enhancing drugs in some cases could inform quite a number of legal sanctions.
It can be noted that in this case, testosterone is the body's primary anabolic steroid hormone. Basically, testosterone is used in its modified or synthetic form by most athletes It has been noted in various quarters that when anabolic steroids are taken in high doses, they do bring about some adverse physical side effects. These side effects may include an increased risk of infertility, shrunken testicles, acne severerisk of hypertensiontumors and liver abnormalities etc. In an attempt to mask their use of steroids, most athletes have been known to take "designer steroids.
Based on the clandestine way in which they are manufactured, these "designer steroids are not subject drugs in sports essay rigorous tests by the Food and Drug Administration and other relevant authorities to ascertain their safety. As such these modified anabolic steroids pose a wide range of dangers to professional athletes who use them. Androstenedione This is yet another common form of performance-enhancing drug used by professional athletes. In its natural form, this hormone has its production taking place in testes, ovaries and adrenal glands, drugs in sports essay. In this contextit can be noted that andro's availability is usually on a prescription basis. However, the same is also available for sale in most outlets as a supplement. It is important to note that although andro is often touted as being beneficial to training athletes especially when it comes to quick recovery, the same has been banned in the U.
As a performance-enhancing drug. According to Mayo Clinic Staff, the use of androstenedione carries with itself significant health risks N. These risks include but are not limited to testicles shrinking in mendrugs in sports essay, acne as well as a decreased sperm production in men. Further, supplemental androstenedione exposes its users to an increased risk of stroke and heart attack based on its tendency to lower or decrease the levels of 'good' cholesterol. Human Growth Hormone Another commonly used performance-enhancing drug, this growth hormone is believed to enhance performance and muscle mass. Mayo Clinic Staff observes that in a way, the use of the hormone without a prescription occasions adverse effects including cardiomyopathy, carpal tunnel syndrome and an impairment of the body's ability to regulate glucose N.
Erythropoietin Used widely in the treatment of anemia amongst those exhibiting severe kidney diseases, this hormone also has drugs in sports essay usage in professional sports as a performance-enhancing drug. According to Mayo Clinic Staff, those who are most commonly known to use the hormone are endurance athletes N. Some of the hormone's side effects include pulmonary edema as well as an increased risk of suffering a heart attack or stroke. Diuretics Commonly branded 'masking' agents for their ability to dilute urine hence effectively helping those in professional sports pass drug tests, these drugs expose athletes to a number of health risks including heatstroke, drops in blood pressuredeficiency in potassium as well as muscle cramps, drugs in sports essay.
Creatine Identified as a common performance-enhancing drug by the Mayo Clinic Staff, this compound helps in enhancing the release of energy from the muscles N. However, the main risk in the usage of the compound lies with its mode of production. In this case, FDA considers it as a food drugs in sports essay that it is essentially a supplement. Thus its production is not necessarily in conformity with the same standards applied when it comes to the production of conventional drugs, drugs in sports essay. This exposes it to contamination. Other side effects associated with the same include weight gain as well as stomach and muscle cramps.
Ethical Concerns Apart from medical reasons, there drugs in sports essay exists other arguments as to why performance-enhancing drugs are bad in professional sports. In this case, those who are against the use of the same are of the opinion that gaining an unfair advantage over competitors by using performance-enhancing drugs is largely unethical. The reasoning in this case is that for the most part, other athletes are competing legitimately. Hence should a professional athlete win a competition based on performance enhancers, such a win is not legitimate.
The idea is that all professional athletes should be allowed to begin…, drugs in sports essay. Works Cited Mayo Clinic Staff. Learn how these drugs work and how they can affect your health. Mayo Clinic. Robinson, Paul. Foundations of Sports Coaching. New York: Taylor and Francis, Print Rosen, Daniel M. Dope: A History of Performance Enhancement in Sports from the Nineteenth Century to Today. Westport: ABC-CLIO, Performance Enhancing Drugs in Sports To compete and excel is part of human nature. In sporting activities, it has always driven young athletes to perform feats of ever-higher levels of strength, endurance, and speed. Most have achieved glory through relentless effort, physical training, drugs in sports essay, and an iron will to be the best.
Unfortunately, the pressure to be the best has also driven some to seek shortcuts to success, mainly through the use. Performance-Enhancing Drugs and Sports In the yeara Dr. Gabe Mirkin asked athletes the following: "If I could give you a pill that would make you an Olympic champion -- and also kill you in a year -- would you take it? Of the people questioned more than half responded that they would indeed take the pill if given the opportunity despite the risks involved. Drugs and sports [ Drugs in sports essay who use performance-enhancing drugs compromise the integrity of their sports for a number of reasons, drugs in sports essay.
First, there is the issue of the records they set. For example, Barry Bonds has set numerous home run records, including hitting more than Hank Aaron, drugs in sports essay. However, now these records are suspect, because of his use of these. Anabolic Steroid and Performance Enhancing Drug Use Among High School Athletes Anabolic steroid use has, at least in the past, been prevalent among major college and, especially, professional sports. Major League Baseball implemented a drug testing regimen very recently after backlash from fans made it an issue that the sport believed it had to listen to. The National Football League has a testing program that has been in place since.
Lyle Alzado, who played with the Cleveland Browns and the L. Raiders as well as with the Denver Broncos, died in because the chemicals in steroids caused him to develop brain cancer. Prior to his death, Alzado stated, "I started taking anabolic steroids in and never stopped, drugs in sports essay. It was addicting, mentally addicting. Now I'm sick, and I'm scared. Ninety percent of the athletes I know are on the. Sports Sociology Sports played either by professionals, amateurs, or just for leisure, are a large part of all industrialized societies. Nonetheless, early on sociologists have looked at sports with distain.
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Constant alcohol abuse leads to the fact that an athlete eventually loses ground and is no longer able to be engaged in sports fully. These are just a few types of basic drugs, but also there are many others that effect the body negatively. So according to everything mentioned above we can make a conclusion that sport and drugs can not exist together. Some time ago the sport world vigorously discussed the news that one of the most prominent tennis players, ex-first racket of the world and a universal favorite Martina Hingis was convicted of cocaine use. However, she did not recognize the fact of drug use, but we do not have reasons to doubt the results of the English Laboratory that discovered during Wimbledon in her doping sample the traces of cocaine.
Besides, Hingis immediately announced about her professional career completion, and it means that one of the greatest evil of the world broke another sports fate. Anyway, Hingis claimed that she leaves professional tennis because of the age and trauma. A lot of people ask one and the same question: why do sportsmen need it? In case of cocaine specialists claim that this drug makes an athlete feel euphoria and brings him confidence in his own abilities. So this is not just a drug, this is doping. There are a lot of cases of cocaine use by professional athletes in tennis. They both were disqualified for three months. It is known that American tennis player Jennifer Capriati also used drugs.
However, she managed to overcome this problem, returned to tennis and in became the first racket of the world. Unfortunately, not all the athletes win in the fight against drugs. One of the losers was a great cyclist Marco Pantani, whom fans called Pirate because of the characteristic appearance. He was never officially caught in drug taking, but rumors about his passion to crack constantly circulated in the world of cycling. And in the last years of his life Pantani stopped hiding his addiction. The examination showed that he died of a cocaine overdose. Many people think that there is nothing wrong in marijuana smoking, but it is not like that. So the tendency of marijuana popularization and even its legalization among the athletes is very disturbing.
Light drug problem in sports is very urgent. In many countries, for example in the United States, such sports as skateboarding, snowboarding, etc are very popular, and it is believed that the most important thing is swagger, ability to present yourself. So why do athletes take marijuana? It is not needed for the result. So do they take it for the boldness? Anyway, light drugs are the indicator of the modern way of life. In such a way going in for sport turns into young addict school. These substances included but were not limited to sheep testicles crushed and selected herbs.
Sheep testicles are known to contain significant levels of testosterone, a hormone closely associated with enhanced performance. However, when it comes to their modern day usage, performance-enhancing drugs were being widely used by body builders in the early s. Indeed, it is believed that the sterling performance of Soviet body builders at the Helsinki Olympics in was partly based on their usage of performance-enhancing drugs including but not limited to testosterone. Soon after, a special drug referred to as Dianabol was developed by John Ziegler. This drug soon become popular with those who were seeking a competitive edge in professional sports, especially bodybuilding.
Among the most notable athletes who have admitted to having used performance-enhancing drugs in the past include Arnold Schwarzenegger Rosen, In his own words, Schwarzenegger is on record as having said "steroids were helpful to me in maintaining muscle size while on a strict diet in preparation for a contest" Rosen, However, it is important to note that Schwarzenegger's use of the drugs was a time when the same were still legal. It was not until that the World Health Organization received an official complaint in regard to the use of steroids. Consequently, anabolic steroids were banned by the International Olympic Council and this lead to similar bans by quite a number of professional sport leagues.
Performance-enhancing Drugs: The Risks One of the questions that have been asked in relation to the widespread usage of performance-enhancing drugs is: does the pressure from the society push athletes to try performance-enhancing drugs or is the desire to win so overwhelming that athletes overlook the risks associated with performance-enhancing drugs? There are also those who believe that double standards are applied when it comes to the use of performance-enhancing drugs. For instance, why should performance-enhancers be allowed in matters sexual to heighten sexual experience while at the same time they are denied to athletes keen on enhancing their performance? It is however important to note that in most cases, these concerns are largely misguided and fueled by sheer lack of knowledge on the nature and usage of performance-enhancing drugs.
It can be noted that over time, quite a number of medical practitioners have observed that the fame and recognition that comes with winning in professional sports through any means necessary including the use of performance-enhancing drugs isn't worth the risk. Though the potential benefits are apparent in terms of monetary gain and recognition, the use of performance-enhancing drugs including but not limited to stimulants and creatine, diuretics, erythropoietin, anabolic steroids etc. poses significant health risks which I will use below to demonstrate why performance enhancing drugs are bad in professional sports. However, apart from the heath risks posed by these drugs, it is also important to note that other adverse effects including damage to reputation abound.
Further, the use of performance-enhancing drugs in some cases could inform quite a number of legal sanctions. It can be noted that in this case, testosterone is the body's primary anabolic steroid hormone. Basically, testosterone is used in its modified or synthetic form by most athletes It has been noted in various quarters that when anabolic steroids are taken in high doses, they do bring about some adverse physical side effects. These side effects may include an increased risk of infertility, shrunken testicles, acne severe , risk of hypertension , tumors and liver abnormalities etc.
In an attempt to mask their use of steroids, most athletes have been known to take "designer steroids. Based on the clandestine way in which they are manufactured, these "designer steroids are not subject to rigorous tests by the Food and Drug Administration and other relevant authorities to ascertain their safety. As such these modified anabolic steroids pose a wide range of dangers to professional athletes who use them. Androstenedione This is yet another common form of performance-enhancing drug used by professional athletes. In its natural form, this hormone has its production taking place in testes, ovaries and adrenal glands.
In this context , it can be noted that andro's availability is usually on a prescription basis. However, the same is also available for sale in most outlets as a supplement. It is important to note that although andro is often touted as being beneficial to training athletes especially when it comes to quick recovery, the same has been banned in the U. As a performance-enhancing drug. According to Mayo Clinic Staff, the use of androstenedione carries with itself significant health risks N. These risks include but are not limited to testicles shrinking in men , acne as well as a decreased sperm production in men. Further, supplemental androstenedione exposes its users to an increased risk of stroke and heart attack based on its tendency to lower or decrease the levels of 'good' cholesterol.
Human Growth Hormone Another commonly used performance-enhancing drug, this growth hormone is believed to enhance performance and muscle mass. References Downes, D. And Morgan, R. Maguire, M. Morgan and R. Reiner eds The Oxford Handbook of Criminology. Oxford: Clarendon Press. South, N. Maguire, R. Morgan, and R. Reiner eds The Oxford Handbook of Criminology 4th edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press. One of the most pressing problems with the doping incidents is that punishment is so lax in many arenas. The WADA recommends a two-year ban from the sport, but increasing the time could reduce the number of doping incidents.
An athlete might be less likely to turn to performance enhancing drugs of any kind if they knew they could face a ban for life, or a five-year or more ban from their chosen sport. Laws regarding the use of banned substances should be reviewed and updated so they are the same for each sport, and so they increase the culpability of the players involved. Since many of these athletes serve as heroes and role models to the children of the world, they owe it to them to come clean, stay clean, and support stricter enforcement in their specific sports.
Lance Armstrong, in his comeback maneuver, could serve as a catalyst…. References Editors. Economists are concerned with the impact that the sale of drugs has on both individual and economic freedoms and frame their argument from this perspective. Others argue that reliance on the criminal justice system has not produced significant results and that it is time to reframe the argument to focus on the education, prevention, and treatment of drugs. From the economic perspective, there are apparent differences between government prohibition and legalization of drugs. These figures are also significant in state and local law enforcement agencies with drug related incidents making up one fifth of the total investigative resources and drug enforcement activities.
In fact, ten percent of all arrests are…. References Millhorn, M. North Americans' attitudes toward illegal drugs. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 19 2 , Miron, J. The economics of drug prohibition and drug legalization. Social Research, 68 3 , National Institute on Drug Abuse The economic cost of alcohol and drug abuse in the United States. National Institute of Health Publication, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. National household survey on drug abuse main findings, What further makes interpretation of results difficult to precisely define quantify is that the amount of drug stores depends on the nature of the drug itself, the duration of the ingestion of the drug, and the composition of the tissue holding the drug and the frequency of use.
The greater the incidence of drug use the more permanent the level of toxins and chemicals in tissues throughout the body, and therefore the greater the probability of catching chronic drug users in drug testing. Thea difficult part of using drug tests periodically is the longitudinally there may be peaks and valleys to the incidence of drug abuse. Companies have begun surprise inspections of their workers in the most potentially dangerous occupations including forklift workers, construction workers, airline pilots, and heavy equipment workers. Despite these shortcomings of tests, the advances made in drug testing technologies are gradually overcoming these obstacles related to…. References Alleyne, B.
Stuart, and R. Journal of occupational medicine Baltimore 33 4 , Gerber, J. And G. Yacoubian, Jr. An assessment of drug testing within the construction industry. J Drug Education 32 1 Koch, K. Foltin, and M. Drugs in the workplace: research and evaluation data. Rockville, Maryland Drug addiction is not merely a failure of will or weakness in character, however having this 'brain disease' does not absolve the addict of responsibility for his or her behavior, but it does explain why an addict feels compelled to continue using drugs Leshner Environmental cues that surround an individual's initial drug use and development of the addiction, actually become "conditioned" to the drug use and thus are critical to the problem of addiction Leshner Therefore, when those cues are present at a later time, "they elicit anticipation of a drug experience and thus generate tremendous drug craving" Leshner This type of cue-induces craving is one of the most frequent causes of drug use relapses, independently of whether drugs are available and even after years of abstinence Leshner In March , it was reported that researchers from Liverpool, England discovered a gene that directly affects the….
Works Cited Changeux, Jean-Pierre. Drug use and abuse. Retrieved November 06, from HighBeam Research Library. Eaves, Lindon J. Familial influences on alcohol use in adolescent female twins: testing for genetic and environmental interactions. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. Goldman, Erik. Genetic tests could improve future drug abuse treatment. Family Practice News. Heroin Addiction Cuts Across All Social Boundaries, Caron Foundation Study Reports. In jails, not one of the violent criminals was under the influence of heroin at the time their crime was committed. Twenty-one percent of state inmates incarcerated for violent crime were under the influence of alcohol alone at the time they committed their crime.
The number of those under the influence of marijuana alone was too small to be recorded statistically. National These facts indicate that it is not the drug users that are committing the crimes, but the people who deal with drugs. If there was no money to be gained from dealing with drugs, these criminals would have to find legitimate jobs and the police would only have to worry about traffic. The efforts to target youth with drug education in the ar on Drugs has fallen far short of its original goals. Works Cited Drug Enforcement Division. City of Orlando Police Investigations, Orlando Police Department Website.
htm Madigan, Lisa, "Strategies for Fighting Meth: Law Enforcement Strategies. html content National Center on Addition and substance Abuse at Columbia University CASA Behind Bars: Substance Abuse and America's Prison Population. New York: Columbia University, McCaffrey, Barry R.. The National Drug Control Strategy, A Ten-Year Plan. Washington, DC: Office of National Drug Control Policy, Particularly, in the lives of elementary school students, skilled and qualified police officers who educate and lecture the program have turned out to be vital figures; in addition to that, in thousands of communities, the program's red symbol has taken on symbolic status on -shirts and bumper stickers 1.
If the evaluation and measurement for the accomplishment of D. is fame and recognition amongst the masses, then yes: D. has been extremely successful in magnetizing extensive admiration, as well as monetary support. Furthermore, D. has accomplished a point of observation unmatched and unequalled by any…. The writer highlights that in spite of vast promises, in the past two decades statistics have pointed to a sharp augment in the use of drugs in the United States. Stewart I. Drug Abuse Prevention Programming, Do we know what content works? Journal of American Behavioral Scientist. Vol 39, no. While it is definitely true that these companies spend a great deal of money on research and development, for which they certainly deserve and in fact need to be compensated not to mention their right to make a profit, and the fact that profit potential is a major driver in innovation , the amount of profit and compensation that comes solely from the United States is inordinate when compared to that provided by other countries.
Nearly half of all revenue going to pharmaceutical companies every year comes from United States' consumers Sawkar, The argument that drug reimportation would damage companies' innovation and profit potentials implies that it is the United States' sole responsibility to provide funds for these goals; if reimportation were allowed then prices would even out, meaning other countries would start paying a fair share towards research and development costs while the United States would experience a savings. References Choudhry, N. A perspective on U. drug reimportation. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 3. High U. drug prices: Causes and cures. Paper presented for The Drug Reimportation Debate. Retrieved from www. doc Wu, M. Y, Kennedy, J. Coverage of atypical antipsychotics among Medicare drug plans in the state of Washington: Changes between and Primary Care Companion Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 11 6 , Unfortunately, the American government has been looking in the wrong place for these models, especially in Asia and Latin America.
For example, the coca plant from which cocaine is derived grows in abundance in many geographical regions of northern South America and in Central America, where growers make huge profits as compared to efforts to force farmers and peasants to grow legal crops which inevitably do not produce enough profits in order to survive. Of course, over the last twenty years or so, the U. federal government has done much and at great expense to attempt to eradicate the growing of coca but these efforts have also failed miserably. As Nadelmann relates, even if foreign supplies of coca and other drugs like heroin could be cut off, "the drug abuse problem in the U. would scarcely abate," due to the fact that much if not most of the drugs like….
Bibliography Nadelmann, Ethan a. Common sense drug policy. Foreign Affairs. Substance use is frequently associated with child abuse and domestic violence. It also is a leading contributor to marital dissatisfaction, family breakups and rejection of family members. The importance of the family in understanding alcohol and drug use and abuse is underlined by these highly destructive consequences of alcohol and drug dependency on the abuser and the family. Lala; Straussner; Fewell, 17 Peer Group plays an important part in resolving the problem as they are able to take the drug or alcohol abuser more into confidence compared to others since most people associate themselves with their respective peer group in terms of habits, tastes and concerns.
It has been demonstrated that a drug abuser will definitely abide by a member of the peer group to which he belongs and obey requests of abstinence more than anyone else. Educational system also plays an important role in tackling the prevalence of the…. References Ammerman, Robert T; Ammerman, Peggy J. Ott; Tarter, Ralph E. Lala, Shulamith; Straussner, Ashenberg; Fewell, Christine Huff. Laufer, William S. The Legacy of Anomie Theory: Advances in Criminological Theory. Therefore, a closer look at what is needed is in order.
Needed Changes, Stakeholders and Barriers to Change The decades that followed ockefeller and Felony Offender made it clear that these laws were in dire need of change for a variety of reasons. Perhaps most importantly among the reasons for a need for change was the fact that many of those in need of recovery from drug addiction were instead being locked away in prison, burdening the justice system, breaking up families and torturing people with a definite disease. On the other side of the argument, however, barriers to change in these policies was led by staunch conservatives who, not realizing the many facets of drug addiction, were too fast to dismiss addicts as criminals who were only getting what some felt they deserved nysda.
In reality, however, there are effective solutions to the debate. Effective Solutions to the Debate…. References Current Developments in the Rockefeller Drug Laws. html The Rockefeller Drug Laws. cfm Drug Laws. One example of the kind of policy change that is being suggested by some in the particular war on Meth is the reduction of the ability of meth makers, especially large scale makers to realize the supplies of a small number of raw materials used to make the drug pseudoephedrine is quaaludes, as this drug was successfully removed from the radar screen by the banning of the chemicals used to make it, and this may be an option for all synthetic drugs. Reurer orks Cited Boulard, Garry.
Boyum, David, and Mark A. Organized Crime. Hanson, Gayle M. Works Cited Boulard, Garry. Drug Control "Prevention is better than cure" is an age-old and time-tested maxim. It has been proved correct in many different situations. None more so than in the area of drug abuse: it being far easier and more cost effective to prevent drug use than drug treatment. This essay explains why drug treatment is far more expensive than drug prevention. A study by the Lewin Group for the National Institute on Drug Abuse estimated the total economic cost of alcohol and drug abuse in the U. On the other hand,…. References "Alcohol and Drug Services Study ADSS Cost Study. The DASIS Report. Department of Health and Human Services. htm 'NIDA InfoFacts: Costs to Society. html Keen, Judy.
The agents then formalize a data which helps them to stop the drug trafficking in future. By the end of year , America's counter culture movement was at its peak and the trend of illegal drug use for the recreational purposes was rising. As far as the core mission of the Drug Enforcement Administration is concerned, it is to enforce the laws and regulations regarding the controlled substances and to bring the law breakers to the criminal and civil justice system of the United States. The Drug Enforcement Administration DEA operations are not only limited to the United States but its jurisdiction is across the world as a….
References DEA History. DEA - Drug Enforcement Administration. shtml DEA Mission Statement. shtml Drug Enforcement Administration DEA. In Encyclopaedia Britannica. Kleiman, M. Encyclopedia of Drug Policy, Volume 1. USA: SAGE. Drug Law Reform Pro According to the Office of National Drug Control Policy ONDCP , the United States' policy on illegal drugs is threefold: stopping drug use before it starts, healing the country's drug users, and disrupting the market. The United States' war on drugs has been going on for at least the last three decades. Given the duration of this war, some have questioned the effectiveness of it, wondering if the money spent is really making a difference and bringing about results. Actually, the effects of this policy on illegal drugs have been mixed.
According to a study conducted by the National Institute on Drug Abuse NIDA covering current and emerging trends in drug abuse for 21 major U. metropolitan areas, some drugs are decreasing in use while others are increasing. For example: C]rack accounted for a substantially greater percentage of primary admissions than powder cocaine in all [surveyed] sites. Bibliography InfoFacts Nationwide Trends. The National Institute on Drug Abuse. The Office of National Drug Control Policy. Drug and alcohol abuse is a serious problem among many young people for a variety of reasons. First, statistics show that drugs and alcohol are being abused by a large segment of the teen and young adult population, which can greatly increase their likelihood of a premature death.
Secondly, many things can happen to young adults that do not lead to death, but can ruin their lives. Finally, drug and alcohol abuse can have a serious impact on relationships with friends and family. According to the National Drug Statistics Summary, approximately 14 million Americans used illegal drugs in Among the teenagers interviewed for the survey, nearly ten percent had used drugs in the month before the interview. The findings for alcohol abuse were even higher. Nearly half of Americans over the age of twelve reported that they drank alcoholic beverages. This is a serious issue. First, the drugs in…. References Hafetz, David. Jacqueline and Amadeo: Chasing Hope.
Austin American Statesman. February 13, National Drug Statistics Summary. Adolescent Substance Abuse Knowledge Base. Third interesting fact reported in the reported is that looking into this demographic, it was found out that past month illicit drug abuse occurred most commonly among individuals aged to year-old. Among the underaged not of legal age group years old , marijuana abuse among females lowered this year, while this figure has increased by 0. Although there were distinct differences in the profile of drug users in terms of age group, gender, race, and even on the type of drug abuse, there were no distinct differences in the geographical locations of users, scattered among the following counties: large metropolitan, small metropolitan, non-metropolitan urbanized, and non-metropolitan less urbanized areas.
ork cited: Department of Health and Human Services. September Work cited: Department of Health and Human Services. In the age group of eighteen to twenty-five, over fifty-five percent reported having used drugs sometime in their lives. In terms of drugs of choice for high school seniors, nearly half of all drug users prefer marijuana, although such drugs as amphetamines, hallucinogens and ecstasy all report surprisingly high numbers also. What can be concluded from this study is that drug use begins at an early age, most often during one's high school years. However, the statistics show, as the number of regular users drops off as they age, the trend is more towards experimentation and not creating a drug-dependent lifestyle. ibliography National Drug Threat Assessment: Marijuana Update.
August Bibliography National Drug Threat Assessment: Marijuana Update. A research team led by Dr. Michael French gathered to estimate the costs and benefits of residential and publically funded treatment programs for addiction issues. The team was derived from the University of Miami. Program and the client related economic cost estimates were obtained using data collected at the site with the drug abuse treatment cost analysis program DATCAP. It was concluded that the economic benefit to society was almost four times what the cost of treating residential clients. Short-term follow-up treatment was also beneficial and the economic benefit was even higher. Hanlon, T. The study reviews previous research on the correlation of drug use and criminal behavior resulting in arrest since Advances were noted in crime….
Lennings, C. This study's hypothesis was that alcohol use is a significant predictor of violent crime in committed by the youth. Researchers studied juveniles that had been incarcerated in the prison system of New South Wales. Most correlated with the onset of violent crimes was alcohol use followed by cocaine use. The findings accounted for the correlation that exists between the use of substabce and aggressive, violent crime and so, further supported the "Goldstein hypothesis" which believes that substance abuse facilitates violent behavior directly. White, H. The report discussed the correlation of alcohol abuse, drug abuse, non-violent crime and violence concerning children who were abused and neglected during the course of their development through childhood.
The study was longitudinal the subjects were studied over time into adulthood. It was found that abused and neglected females and males have a higher correlation in substance abuse and non-violent arrest. Abused and neglected females were found to be at a higher risk for both drug abuse or dependency diagnosis as well as arrests for violent crime. Zarkin, G. Research examined prior studies that included the cost and benefits of methadone abuse treatment. These papers have often been written on single case studies. While valuable to society, the sample size limitation also limits the research because they view heightened problems as being able to be treated in one incident of treatment.
A simulation model was created to embody the longitudinal study of the heroine use, criminal behavior, health care and employment of a population between the ages of It was found that the model which takes into account the dynamics of heroine use and views it as a, acute and reoccurring circumstance finds that the benefits of treatment using this model far outweigh those produced by static models. The strongest argument against the thesis of the experiment relies in the fact that a religious mystical experience is placed on a spiritual rather than medical level and that the spirit is not necessarily determined by the actions of the brain, as a human organ.
The spirit includes the way the brain act and the way the heart feels or the behavior of other organs in the body. For many scientists, including those that have performed the scientific experiment and including people like Tom Roberts, who in his book "Psychedelic Horizons" talks about the benefic effects of drugs on the brain in terms of exploring new states and experience new functions of the body otherwise hidden to the general audience. For myself and numerous other individuals, the mystical experience cannot be related solely to the functionality of the brain or to the way the entire body is operating. If it…. Bibliography 1. Quantifying a Mystical Experience: Hallucinogenic Research Gets to Grips With Spirituality.
July shtmlLast retrieved on September 26, 2. Mystical experiences. Last retrieved on September 25, 3. Book Review of "Psychedelic Horizons. Last retrieved on September 25, Quantifying a Mystical Experience: Hallucinogenic Research Gets to Grips With Spirituality. shtmlLast retrieved on September 26, Soon, Congress passed the Marijuana Tax Act, which was signed into law in Like the Harrison Act, the Marijuana Tax Act placed marijuana into the same category as the cocaine and opium drugs. It was now illegal to import marijuana into the United States McWilliams, However, this law was ineffective in curbing marijuana use Brecher, , p.
By the early s narcotic addiction had significantly reduced in the United States Harrison, Backenheimer and Inciardi, However, this was not the result of legislative initiatives. Instead, it was because World War II was cutting off the "supplies of opium from Asia and interrupt the trafficking routes from Europe" Inciardi, , p. Several other legislative efforts in the supply reduction department served to establish more severe penalties for violations of drug laws, and tighten controls and restrictions over legally manufactured narcotic drugs Harrison, Backenheimer and Inciardi, References Recreational Drug Information. History of Drug Use U.
Retrieved from the Internet at www. Brecher, E. Drug Laws and Drug Law Enforcement: A Review and Evaluation Based on Years of Experience,' Drugs and Society Drucker, Ernest. Harm Reduction: A Public Health Strategy. Current Issues in Public Health, 1: pp. Drug Policy Alliance. February 17, Harm Reduction: Options that Work. Sports Center is a production of ESPN on cable television. It is a mixture of scores, game highlights, commentary, interviews and human interest feature stories. All of the people who are part of the ESPN broadcast team are, of course, intelligent, well-spoken, and attractive.
A lady by the name of Dana Jacobson was one of the primary anchors doing two of the three shows. She worked with one man named Mike Greenberg and another by the name of Dave Revasine. There were other females involved in the broadcasting, mostly as interviewers who also did a small amount of commentary related to what ever interview they did. There is, besides the gender mix, also an ethnic mix that is actually more diverse for women than men. There are Caucasian, African-American and Hispanic peoples represented by the women and Caucasian and African-American by the men.
The gender ratio is approximately males…. In many cases, the sports that are largely ignored in the U. are equally deserving of national exposure and coverage, because they demand the same level of natural talent, skill, and expertise as those high-profile sports that enjoy extensive national coverage. Especially in the wake of recent revelations and scandals arising in the major American sports involving use of steroids, violent assaults on women, driving under the influence of alcohol, and federal convictions for those types of crimes as well as for cruelty to animals have undermined the traditional reputation of professional athletes as role models in modern American society.
To date, no such controversies have plagued any of the lesser-appreciated sports in the U. In that regard, surfing in particular is associated with health, vitality, and natural physical fitness that is not at all likely to fall prey to illegal or performance-enhancing drug use in the sport. Furthermore, unlike…. In most cases, recreational drug use is seen as a victimless crime and a harmless activity. This attitude changes in the workplace if the drug use impairs performance to the detriment of other workers or if the work involves public safety, in which case tolerance for drug use drops significantly. Another reason why tolerance for some drug use is so high is because the attitude is a reaction to the apocalyptic warnings emanating from law enforcement and government, given that people know that mild marijuana use, for instance, is not the mind- and life-bending experience often claimed.
Many do not see the problem as being as dire as it is made out to be, and so they do not see it in the way earlier generations did. Casey J.
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